In the parlance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change “losses and damages” refer broadly to harm from observed climate change impacts (past and current) and projected risks (future). The recent IPCC AR6 WGII report states that “observed mortality and losses due to floods and droughts are much greater for regions with high vulnerability and vulnerable populations such as the …

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) successive reports are the most valued evidence of climate change’s drastic impacts on society, economy, and the natural system. These reports have served to alert laymen and policymakers alike about the changes the world has witnessed over the years and will witness in the future. IPCC reports gather information from three working groups. …